科学123: 三月 2013

2013年3月12日星期二

不讨论细节问题的物理就是耍流氓

Sheldon（执笔，理论物理方向）猴戏（凝聚态物理方向）沐右（凝聚态物理方向）

上海交大聘请2008年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者、法国著名病毒学家吕克•蒙塔尼担任全职教授一事最近惹了点风波。诺奖得主退休后，在我国发挥余热倒不是什么新鲜事，比如杨振宁帮助建立清华大学高等研究中心，崔琦帮助中科院物理所建立崔琦实验室，主要目的是借助这些科学巨匠的多年积累的科学声望和人格魅力吸引物质和智力资源，以期在相关领域迅速达到世界先进水平。而蒙塔尼的情况和上述两人稍微有些不同，起因于他近期的“科研成果”——DNA在水中发射电磁波其实并未被学界接受。

关于这项研究，我们查到了三篇文章，标题为

【1】《Electromagnetic Detection of HIV DNA in the Blood of AIDS Patients Treated by Antiretroviral Therapy》
（从接受抗逆转录病毒疗法的艾滋病人血液内检测HIV病毒DNA的电磁波）

【2】《Electromagnetic Signals Are Produced by Aqueous Nanostructures Derived from Bacterial DNA Sequences》
（细菌DNA序列诱导的水分子纳米结构产生了电磁波信号）

【3】《DNA waves and water》
（DNA波和水）

前两篇文章在2009年发表于一本名为《Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences》的杂志（交叉科学：计算生命科学），这本杂志于09年创刊，主席正是蒙塔尼本人。这似乎也就不难理解为何文章【2】的审稿速度快得惊人：09年1月3号投稿，5号修改，6日被接收，全过程只有3天！

论文【2】截图

而文献【3】发表于arXiv，arXiv.org是一个收录科学文献预印本的在线数据库，文章无需经过任何审核程序直接发布。通常研究人员会把投给正规期刊的稿件在审稿期间先行发表到arXiv上，作为同行之间科研交流的另一个途径。

想想看，如果把这三个稿件中的研究及其结论汇总成一篇科普文章投稿到了松鼠会，松鼠们会提出哪些问题呢？

------------------------------------------好戏开始上演分割线--------------------------------------

尊敬的蒙塔尼博士：

您好！您的稿件已被投递于《科学松鼠会》，并接受了审稿人的审阅。
根据审稿人的意见，我们遗憾的通知您，此稿件目前的状态还不适合在《科学松鼠会》发表。审稿人的意见请见此信结尾。

此致！

编辑：小庄
某年某月某日
----------------------------------------物理男们赶紧上分割线--------------------------------------

审稿人猴戏：

作者文章的主要结论是从高度稀释的含有病毒或细菌DNA的水中检测到了电磁波。作者声称用钼合金罩住样品，就测不出来电磁辐射。只有给一个“入射波”（这个波频率最低可以是7赫兹），水溶液“受激辐射”后才会出他们测量到的电磁辐射。这个低频入射波可以是人体神经电信号，而自然界中，最有可能起到这个“入射波”作用的是舒曼共振（Schumann resonances）。舒曼共振是因为地球和大气电离层形成共振腔，闪电等自然现象形成的电磁波在这个共振腔里被调制放大，形成一个7.83赫兹（14.3赫兹等）的遍布全球的电磁波背景。而这个最低频率的舒曼共振正好和他们测到的入射波频率最低值（7赫兹）相当。

就检测过程而言，作者把线圈接在声卡上，电磁场变化会引起线圈电流变化，声卡用来记录这个电流信号。除了文章【3】提到的钼合金之外，在三篇文章里没有看到他在实验中进行过电磁屏蔽详细说明。

我认为此类实验为了确保有效性，有两处需要进行电磁屏蔽，一个是空间的电磁波，一个是地线（ground）的噪声。特别是这么精细的测量，信号测量装置（声卡）一定要和电脑分开接地，因为所有的生活用电设备都是污染源（dirty ground）。而就文中描述来看，看似声卡是直接插到电脑插槽里的。关于空间电磁波的屏蔽更麻烦，需要把线圈以及连到声卡的那两根导线整个包裹起来（因为那两根导线也形成一个回路），如果他们做到了，按惯例一定会在原文中说明。

除了电磁屏蔽，探测装置的敏感度也是个问题，信号强度，频率范围是什么？对于几千赫兹的低频信号，声卡看来是够用，所以，我特别想指出这个信号强度的问题，这个问题对于文章【3】里的那个物理模型十分重要。另外，文章的做图颇不规范，作者直接使用电脑截屏图，而且像素不够，让人看不清很多横纵轴上的数字。

另一个问题是，文献【2】中图2（见下图）里面的背景噪声我认为应该是白噪声，做傅立叶分析应该不会出现任何峰，可为什么他的结果里面有峰呢？未见作者对此问题进行解释。

基于以上结论，我不建议此文在松鼠会上发表。

---------------------------------------------猴戏请息个怒分割线-----------------------------

审稿意见分析1：

审稿人猴戏主要对蒙塔尼实验过程中的不规范进行了质疑，这个不规范如何形容呢？以下就用一个比较通俗化的形容吧。好比一觉醒来，养殖专业户蒙大叔在羊圈里发现了一些蛋，尺寸和鸡蛋接近，而羊圈里只养了一些公羊。饿了公羊两天没喂饲料，就没有再发现更多的蛋。再恢复用混合饲料喂羊，结果又有了蛋。而且饲料一定的情况下，圈里的公羊越少，出现的蛋就越多。于是蒙大伯在自己主办的《混合饲料：信息养殖学》中撰文指出，混合饲料有可能诱导公羊下蛋！而羊圈是什么样子，有没有漏洞，附近有没有人养鸡养鸭，鸡鸭自己的饲料够不够吃，鸡鸭爱不爱吃这种公羊混合饲料，羊圈中有没有发现鸡鸭的粪便，羽毛，蒙大叔都一概没有提及。没养过羊的人可能会被他吓一跳，可对于其他养殖专业户来说，这样的实验实在无法接受。

那么除了实验之外，文章还有哪些值得商榷的地方呢？

----------------------------------------疑问接着来分割线------------------------------------

审稿人沐右：

作者对该实验现象背后的物理原理作了如下解释：首先就是说，水不能单纯地看作由分子间氢键联系起来的，而应该是大范围的电磁辐射场使得水分子们聚集在一起。水分子和电磁场互相作用的结果是形成了一定大小的相干区域（coherence domain，CD），在区域的内部水分子的振动是量子相干的。

如果CD的电磁振动频率和DNA分子的振动频率吻合，那么DNA分子就可以被吸纳到CD的振动体系来，从而整个CD的振动状况发生改变。水里面的离子会在电磁波驱动（还有外磁场存在）下在CD内部做圆周运动。这里驱动用的电磁波是哈林提到的那个7.83赫兹的舒曼共振。这需要离子的回旋频率和7.83赫兹接近或者相等（或者另外的什么激发电磁波的频率）。

文章【3】里面说液态水的相干区域大小是约100nm，是按公式（1）计算的。如果文章的说法都是正确的话，考虑文中12.06电子伏的结合能，再代入共振频率7.83赫兹，地磁场50微特斯拉和基本电荷单位e的话，我得到的圆周运动的离子质量是1.62*10^(-25)千克，是质子质量的100倍。当然，不能确定以上计算是否与实际情况相符，但鉴于作者没有提供进一步详细的计算，我认为以上计算过程是合理的，而计算结果又是不合理的。除非作者能够自洽的解释，否则我不能推荐这篇文章的发表。

-----------------------------------------唔，沐右不高兴有理分割线------------------------------------

审稿意见分析2：

看到了没？蒙大叔不但实验有缺陷，理论解释也有很大的问题。我们知道水是由原子量为16的氧和原子量为1的氢元素所组成。水中可以存在的氢离子、氢氧根离子、水合氢离子等，质量都远远低于质子的100倍。那么按照蒙大叔提供的公式和数据，得到的原子量为100的离子又会是什么呢？

这事情真是把人雷的七窍生烟，不，是把羊雷的七窍生烟。养殖专业户蒙大叔声称公羊把混合饲料吃下去以后，其中的类雌激素刺激了前列腺形成了类似于子宫的环境，而精原细胞就被刺激分裂成了卵细胞，最后形成蛋状结构排出了体外。问题是公羊身上开窍的地方，例如毛孔，耳朵，鼻孔，尿道口和肛门都不够宽大，那么大一个蛋究竟是怎样从公羊身上钻出来的呢？蒙大叔对此事闭口不谈。

所以说，不讨论细节问题的物理理论都是耍流氓。广义相对论看起来比公羊下蛋“荒谬”的多，可是相对论不但解释了引力来自于时空的弯曲，还通过详尽的计算告诉我们，哪儿弯曲哪儿没弯曲，这样弯还是那样弯，各自弯曲了多少，预言了什么现象，测量后得到小数点后面第15位的数字应该是多少（见穆斯堡尔效应）？蒙大叔的文章远没有做到这一点。非但如此，进一步计算还会发现更多严重的细节问题。

-----------------------------------------索性再将一军分割线-------------------------------

审稿人Sheldon：

作者的理论主要来源于文章【3】的参考文献[18,19]。其中，外界电磁场的振荡频率和圆周运动的离子频率共振时，离子从轨道上被拉开去，由于角动量守恒，此时相干区域内的准自由电子就会开始做圆周运动。由于离子质量远大于电子质量，后者的共振频率要高的多。因此输入7赫兹的电磁波，最后作者在实验中会观测到500～3000赫兹的辐射，也就是离子的有效质量应该是电子有效质量的70～430倍。我不知道准自由电子的有效质量怎么计算，尤其是在相干区域这种结构中。我们知道质子静止质量大概是电子的1836倍左右。

可以肯定的是，考虑相同量级的回旋半径，如果电子有效质量等于静止质量，使用500～3000赫兹的数据计算，那么所谓的正离子就要比质子还轻！如果按照文章【3】中的公式，使用7赫兹的激发频率计算的话，离子质量的数量级确实如沐右所说，是10^(-25)千克量级，又比质子重100倍。

作者为什么不直接把外磁场的场强增大试试看？这样更有助于确定那个离子回旋共振的模型是否合理。我觉得现在的第一步首先不该是DNA，而是先把信号究竟跟水有没有关系搞清楚。

此外由分子动理论，我们知道水分子的平均动能和温度的关系是E~kT（其中k是波尔兹曼常数），可以得到常温时水分子的平均动能是0.01电子伏的量级。而对于7赫兹的吸收峰和3000赫兹的发射峰进行计算，在作者提出的模型中，围绕相干区域做圆周运动的离子和电子的逃逸能量大概为10^（-15）～10^（-12）电子伏，这比宇宙微波背景辐射对应的温度还低……我认为，常温下热运动会完全破坏相干区域中带电粒子的圆周运动。作者的解释缺乏必要的定量分析，不能让我信服。我无法接受这篇文章的分析过程和结论，不建议发表。

-----------------------------------------我们最实事求是了分割线-------------------------------------------

审稿意见分析3：

不算不要紧，一计算就发现了自洽性的问题。不管公羊能不能下蛋，从哪儿把蛋下出来，咱就先说蛋形成的理论吧。前列腺变子宫，很好，精原细胞变卵子，OK，可正常情况下前列腺里也不会有精原细胞啊，它们就算真的能七十二变，也得在睾丸里变，不是吗？精原细胞是怎样从睾丸跑到前列腺里的，蒙大叔为啥不给个靠谱的解释呢？

可见，且不说蒙塔尼的“DNA在水中发射电磁波”是否会是一个科学结论，文章本身在关键细节方面都还有大量有待补充的地方。这才导致 “审稿”的松鼠们，虽然没有亲历实验过程，也没有相关问题的研究经验，更没有学术圈内的显赫声誉，仅仅本着实事求是的态度，对细节问题刨根问底，就足以将这样的文章拒之门外。我们相信，一个经过严格科学训练的，经验丰富的科研工作者，面对如此严重的文章细节问题，必须找到令绝大部分同行满意的答案来才算是做出了合格的工作。

---------------------------------------------明天再会分割线---------------------------------

到此，物理松鼠们已经表示了从专业角度出发的十分无法认同，也许蒙大叔还决定守在本行上面一息尚存地挣扎两下，但我们生物松鼠们也不想放过一个摸摸老虎PP的好机会，请大家继续期待明天的生物篇《DNA不知何处来之生物学拍案惊奇》。

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本文作者：一起剥坚果<div class="editornote">Sheldon（执笔，理论物理方向）猴戏（凝聚态物理方向）沐右（凝聚态物理方向）</div> 上海交大聘请2008年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者、法国著名病毒学家吕克•蒙塔尼担任全职教授一事最近惹了点风波。诺奖得主退休后，在我国发挥余热倒不是什么新鲜事，比如杨振宁帮助建立清华大学高等研究中心，崔琦帮助中科院物理所建立崔琦实验室，主要目的是借助这些科学巨匠的多年积累的科学声望和人格魅力吸引物质和智力资源，以期在相关领域迅速达到世界先进水平。而蒙塔尼的情况和上述两人稍微有些不同，起因于他近期的“科研成果”——DNA在水中发射电磁波其实并未被学界接受。 关于这项研究，我们查到了三篇文章，标题为 【1】《Electromagnetic Detection of HIV DNA in the Blood of AIDS Patients Treated by Antiretroviral Therapy》 （从接受抗逆转录病毒疗法的艾滋病人血液内检测HIV病毒DNA的电磁波） 【2】《Electromagnetic Signals Are Produced by Aqueous Nanostructures Derived from Bacterial DNA Sequences》 （细菌DNA序列诱导的水分子纳米结构产生了电磁波信号） 【3】《DNA waves and water》 （DNA波和水） 前两篇文章在2009年发表于一本名为《Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences》的杂志（交叉科学：计算生命科学），这本杂志于09年创刊，主席正是蒙塔尼本人。这似乎也就不难理解为何文章【2】的审稿速度快得惊人：09年1月3号投稿，5号修改，6日被接收，全过程只有3天！ <div id="attachment_50633" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 596px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-50633" href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/50632/1-159"><img class="size-full wp-image-50633 lh_lazyimg" title="1" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/15.jpg" alt="" width="586" height="162" /><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-50633" title="1" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/15.jpg" alt="" width="586" height="162" /></noscript></a>论文【2】截图</div> 而文献【3】发表于arXiv，arXiv.org是一个收录科学文献预印本的在线数据库，文章无需经过任何审核程序直接发布。通常研究人员会把投给正规期刊的稿件在审稿期间先行发表到arXiv上，作为同行之间科研交流的另一个途径。 想想看，如果把这三个稿件中的研究及其结论汇总成一篇科普文章投稿到了松鼠会，松鼠们会提出哪些问题呢？ ------------------------------------------好戏开始上演分割线-------------------------------------- 尊敬的蒙塔尼博士： 您好！您的稿件已被投递于《科学松鼠会》，并接受了审稿人的审阅。 根据审稿人的意见，我们遗憾的通知您，此稿件目前的状态还不适合在《科学松鼠会》发表。审稿人的意见请见此信结尾。 此致！ 编辑：小庄 某年某月某日 ----------------------------------------物理男们赶紧上分割线-------------------------------------- 审稿人猴戏： 作者文章的主要结论是从高度稀释的含有病毒或细菌DNA的水中检测到了电磁波。作者声称用钼合金罩住样品，就测不出来电磁辐射。只有给一个“入射波”（这个波频率最低可以是7赫兹），水溶液“受激辐射”后才会出他们测量到的电磁辐射。这个低频入射波可以是人体神经电信号，而自然界中，最有可能起到这个“入射波”作用的是舒曼共振（Schumann resonances）。舒曼共振是因为地球和大气电离层形成共振腔，闪电等自然现象形成的电磁波在这个共振腔里被调制放大，形成一个7.83赫兹（14.3赫兹等）的遍布全球的电磁波背景。而这个最低频率的舒曼共振正好和他们测到的入射波频率最低值（7赫兹）相当。 就检测过程而言，作者把线圈接在声卡上，电磁场变化会引起线圈电流变化，声卡用来记录这个电流信号。除了文章【3】提到的钼合金之外，在三篇文章里没有看到他在实验中进行过电磁屏蔽详细说明。 我认为此类实验为了确保有效性，有两处需要进行电磁屏蔽，一个是空间的电磁波，一个是地线（ground）的噪声。特别是这么精细的测量，信号测量装置（声卡）一定要和电脑分开接地，因为所有的生活用电设备都是污染源（dirty ground）。而就文中描述来看，看似声卡是直接插到电脑插槽里的。关于空间电磁波的屏蔽更麻烦，需要把线圈以及连到声卡的那两根导线整个包裹起来（因为那两根导线也形成一个回路），如果他们做到了，按惯例一定会在原文中说明。 除了电磁屏蔽，探测装置的敏感度也是个问题，信号强度，频率范围是什么？对于几千赫兹的低频信号，声卡看来是够用，所以，我特别想指出这个信号强度的问题，这个问题对于文章【3】里的那个物理模型十分重要。另外，文章的做图颇不规范，作者直接使用电脑截屏图，而且像素不够，让人看不清很多横纵轴上的数字。 另一个问题是，文献【2】中图2（见下图）里面的背景噪声我认为应该是白噪声，做傅立叶分析应该不会出现任何峰，可为什么他的结果里面有峰呢？未见作者对此问题进行解释。 <a rel="attachment wp-att-50634" href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/50632/2-44"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-50634 lh_lazyimg" title="2" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/22.jpg" alt="" width="516" height="504" /><noscript><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-50634" title="2" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/22.jpg" alt="" width="516" height="504" /></noscript></a> 基于以上结论，我不建议此文在松鼠会上发表。 ---------------------------------------------猴戏请息个怒分割线----------------------------- <div class="editornote">审稿意见分析1： 审稿人猴戏主要对蒙塔尼实验过程中的不规范进行了质疑，这个不规范如何形容呢？以下就用一个比较通俗化的形容吧。好比一觉醒来，养殖专业户蒙大叔在羊圈里发现了一些蛋，尺寸和鸡蛋接近，而羊圈里只养了一些公羊。饿了公羊两天没喂饲料，就没有再发现更多的蛋。再恢复用混合饲料喂羊，结果又有了蛋。而且饲料一定的情况下，圈里的公羊越少，出现的蛋就越多。于是蒙大伯在自己主办的《混合饲料：信息养殖学》中撰文指出，混合饲料有可能诱导公羊下蛋！而羊圈是什么样子，有没有漏洞，附近有没有人养鸡养鸭，鸡鸭自己的饲料够不够吃，鸡鸭爱不爱吃这种公羊混合饲料，羊圈中有没有发现鸡鸭的粪便，羽毛，蒙大叔都一概没有提及。没养过羊的人可能会被他吓一跳，可对于其他养殖专业户来说，这样的实验实在无法接受。 那么除了实验之外，文章还有哪些值得商榷的地方呢？</div> ----------------------------------------疑问接着来分割线------------------------------------ 审稿人沐右： 作者对该实验现象背后的物理原理作了如下解释：首先就是说，水不能单纯地看作由分子间氢键联系起来的，而应该是大范围的电磁辐射场使得水分子们聚集在一起。水分子和电磁场互相作用的结果是形成了一定大小的相干区域（coherence domain，CD），在区域的内部水分子的振动是量子相干的。 如果CD的电磁振动频率和DNA分子的振动频率吻合，那么DNA分子就可以被吸纳到CD的振动体系来，从而整个CD的振动状况发生改变。水里面的离子会在电磁波驱动（还有外磁场存在）下在CD内部做圆周运动。这里驱动用的电磁波是哈林提到的那个7.83赫兹的舒曼共振。这需要离子的回旋频率和7.83赫兹接近或者相等（或者另外的什么激发电磁波的频率）。 文章【3】里面说液态水的相干区域大小是约100nm，是按公式（1）计算的。如果文章的说法都是正确的话，考虑文中12.06电子伏的结合能，再代入共振频率7.83赫兹，地磁场50微特斯拉和基本电荷单位e的话，我得到的圆周运动的离子质量是1.62*10^(-25)千克，是质子质量的100倍。当然，不能确定以上计算是否与实际情况相符，但鉴于作者没有提供进一步详细的计算，我认为以上计算过程是合理的，而计算结果又是不合理的。除非作者能够自洽的解释，否则我不能推荐这篇文章的发表。 -----------------------------------------唔，沐右不高兴有理分割线------------------------------------ <div class="editornote">审稿意见分析2： 看到了没？蒙大叔不但实验有缺陷，理论解释也有很大的问题。我们知道水是由原子量为16的氧和原子量为1的氢元素所组成。水中可以存在的氢离子、氢氧根离子、水合氢离子等，质量都远远低于质子的100倍。那么按照蒙大叔提供的公式和数据，得到的原子量为100的离子又会是什么呢？ 这事情真是把人雷的七窍生烟，不，是把羊雷的七窍生烟。养殖专业户蒙大叔声称公羊把混合饲料吃下去以后，其中的类雌激素刺激了前列腺形成了类似于子宫的环境，而精原细胞就被刺激分裂成了卵细胞，最后形成蛋状结构排出了体外。问题是公羊身上开窍的地方，例如毛孔，耳朵，鼻孔，尿道口和肛门都不够宽大，那么大一个蛋究竟是怎样从公羊身上钻出来的呢？蒙大叔对此事闭口不谈。 所以说，不讨论细节问题的物理理论都是耍流氓。广义相对论看起来比公羊下蛋“荒谬”的多，可是相对论不但解释了引力来自于时空的弯曲，还通过详尽的计算告诉我们，哪儿弯曲哪儿没弯曲，这样弯还是那样弯，各自弯曲了多少，预言了什么现象，测量后得到小数点后面第15位的数字应该是多少（见<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh/穆斯堡尔效应">穆斯堡尔效应</a> ）？蒙大叔的文章远没有做到这一点。非但如此，进一步计算还会发现更多严重的细节问题。</div> -----------------------------------------索性再将一军分割线------------------------------- 审稿人Sheldon： 作者的理论主要来源于文章【3】的参考文献[18,19]。其中，外界电磁场的振荡频率和圆周运动的离子频率共振时，离子从轨道上被拉开去，由于角动量守恒，此时相干区域内的准自由电子就会开始做圆周运动。由于离子质量远大于电子质量，后者的共振频率要高的多。因此输入7赫兹的电磁波，最后作者在实验中会观测到500～3000赫兹的辐射，也就是离子的有效质量应该是电子有效质量的70～430倍。我不知道准自由电子的有效质量怎么计算，尤其是在相干区域这种结构中。我们知道质子静止质量大概是电子的1836倍左右。 可以肯定的是，考虑相同量级的回旋半径，如果电子有效质量等于静止质量，使用500～3000赫兹的数据计算，那么所谓的正离子就要比质子还轻！如果按照文章【3】中的公式，使用7赫兹的激发频率计算的话，离子质量的数量级确实如沐右所说，是10^(-25)千克量级，又比质子重100倍。 作者为什么不直接把外磁场的场强增大试试看？这样更有助于确定那个离子回旋共振的模型是否合理。我觉得现在的第一步首先不该是DNA，而是先把信号究竟跟水有没有关系搞清楚。 此外由分子动理论，我们知道水分子的平均动能和温度的关系是E~kT（其中k是波尔兹曼常数），可以得到常温时水分子的平均动能是0.01电子伏的量级。而对于7赫兹的吸收峰和3000赫兹的发射峰进行计算，在作者提出的模型中，围绕相干区域做圆周运动的离子和电子的逃逸能量大概为10^（-15）～10^（-12）电子伏，这比宇宙微波背景辐射对应的温度还低……我认为，常温下热运动会完全破坏相干区域中带电粒子的圆周运动。作者的解释缺乏必要的定量分析，不能让我信服。我无法接受这篇文章的分析过程和结论，不建议发表。 -----------------------------------------我们最实事求是了分割线------------------------------------------- <div class="editornote">审稿意见分析3： 不算不要紧，一计算就发现了自洽性的问题。不管公羊能不能下蛋，从哪儿把蛋下出来，咱就先说蛋形成的理论吧。前列腺变子宫，很好，精原细胞变卵子，OK，可正常情况下前列腺里也不会有精原细胞啊，它们就算真的能七十二变，也得在睾丸里变，不是吗？精原细胞是怎样从睾丸跑到前列腺里的，蒙大叔为啥不给个靠谱的解释呢？ 可见，且不说蒙塔尼的“DNA在水中发射电磁波”是否会是一个科学结论，文章本身在关键细节方面都还有大量有待补充的地方。这才导致 “审稿”的松鼠们，虽然没有亲历实验过程，也没有相关问题的研究经验，更没有学术圈内的显赫声誉，仅仅本着实事求是的态度，对细节问题刨根问底，就足以将这样的文章拒之门外。我们相信，一个经过严格科学训练的，经验丰富的科研工作者，面对如此严重的文章细节问题，必须找到令绝大部分同行满意的答案来才算是做出了合格的工作。</div> ---------------------------------------------明天再会分割线--------------------------------- 到此，物理松鼠们已经表示了从专业角度出发的十分无法认同，也许蒙大叔还决定守在本行上面一息尚存地挣扎两下，但我们生物松鼠们也不想放过一个摸摸老虎PP的好机会，请大家继续期待明天的生物篇《DNA不知何处来之生物学拍案惊奇》。 <div style="margin-bottom:10px"><div 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咖啡和辣椒

作为一个长期睡眠不足的晚睡综合症患者，我每天起床后都需要咖啡来让我摆脱梦游状态。将褐色咖啡粉倒进咖啡机的滤纸里，就像一个准备和世界开战的士兵将火药压进子弹。然后就泡，然后就喝，然后就出门饮恨上班，然后就照例被世界打败，然后就回家刷微博刷到很晚，然后第二天早上就又行尸走肉着冲咖啡……其实回想起来，当年我也不是一见钟情地喜欢咖啡的，接受那种苦苦的香气就像接受芙蓉姐姐的气场一样，需要有个从“唉也！”到“哦？”再到“嗯哼……”的过程，是种因人而异的，习得性的喜欢。

—— 又或者，是个逐渐发现命中注定的心头好的过程（暂不包括芙蓉姐姐）：2011年4月在公共科学图书馆遗传学上有篇报告，说人对咖啡的迷恋很可能与遗传基因有关。作者通过对四万多个样本的全基因组关联性分析(GWAS)发现，有两个基因CYP1A2和AHR可能会影响人的行为，携带“高摄入”基因型的人群比 “低摄入”基因型的人群每天要多摄入40微克的咖啡因——差不多是半杯星巴克小杯拿铁的含量。

好吧，又是基因，总是基因，让有些人特别喜欢咖啡和芙蓉姐姐，但这个结论连我这个搞遗传学的咖啡狂都会说“那又怎么样？”这个结论实在像脱脂牛奶一样干巴巴的。继续看文章，作者将其上升到“咖啡依赖可能和烟酒依赖一样，是有其生物学基础的”的高度，我就“嗯哼……”了，这实际上给咖啡上瘾者提供了一个自我标榜是基因受害人的幌子，可以光明正大地晚上不睡早上狂喝咖啡喝得眼袋松垮像相扑选手的胸部还自我开解“这是我的基因在作怪呀我也没有办法的呀”——我觉得这种情况下喝咖啡还不如在电脑上贴“再刷微博就砍手”的字条（……共勉）。好在咖啡依赖并不像尼古丁依赖那样对他人影响大，每次看见在狭小密闭的公共场合抽烟抽得一脸陶醉，还轻轻地哼着“毒你千遍也不厌倦，毒你的感觉像春天”的人，我就想将手中的咖啡泼过去，泼过去……然后说“咖啡喝多了，手抖。”

高剂量摄入咖啡不可避免地导致人很抖，想当初，就是因为吃了咖啡豆的羊们乱蹦乱跳不睡觉，让牧羊人一边数羊一边咬牙切齿地掐自己大腿保持清醒，才发现了咖啡豆。在自然界，咖啡因的存在并不是为了让动物们在森林里草地上愉快地奔跑，实际上，咖啡因对很多动物有毒，因为它们并不能有效地代谢掉高剂量的咖啡因。效果显著的包括狗啊，马啊，鹦鹉啊，蜘蛛啊等等——最后这个是科学家强迫蜘蛛摄入咖啡因，然后看它们会激情地结出什么样的网，他们是在期待蜘蛛编出 Grateful Dead的团员头像吗？咖啡因对动物的神经系统的影响正是其自我防御机能，没想到被人类“哦？嗯哼……”地利用了。这令人想到辣椒和辣椒素的悲催身世：辣椒想要鸟类帮它们传播种子，因为鸟类的消化道短，又不嚼，又飞得远，所以种子不会被破坏，还可以得到大范围的传播；相比之下，乱啃乱嚼有时候还反刍一下的哺乳动物就很让辣椒不爽。于是辣椒采取了“定向阻止”的对策：辣椒所含的辣椒素能激活哺乳动物口腔里的味觉受体引起辣痛的感觉，含有辣椒素的辣椒被哺乳动物啃时会辣得它们以为自己变成了麻辣兔头从此不敢再吃第二次；而鸟类口腔不含有这种受体，所以它们可以吃辣椒吃得欢快而淡定。于是辣椒和鸟类双赢了，哺乳动物默默去溪边大口喝水。

……但是人类发现了辣椒，于是“唉也！”“哦？”“嗯哼”。于是在今年四月，澳大利亚刚刚培育出了辣度单位是一百四十万史高维尔的，史上最辣的辣椒。（普通辣椒的辣度差不多是一万史高维尔，民用催泪瓦斯的辣度也不过两百万而已）

现在猜猜看，为了打出这些不着四六的文字，我一共喝了几杯咖啡？

已发表于《时尚先生/先生读本》

参考资料：
Cornelis MC, Monda KL, Yu K, Paynter N, Azzato EM, Bennett SN, Berndt SI, Boerwinkle E, Chanock S, Chatterjee N, Couper D, Curhan G, Heiss G, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Jacobs K, Jensen MK, Kraft P, Landi MT, Nettleton JA, Purdue MP, Rajaraman P, Rimm EB, Rose LM, Rothman N, Silverman D, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Subar A, Yeager M, Chasman DI, van Dam RM, Caporaso NE. Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Identifies Regions on 7p21 (AHR) and 15q24 (CYP1A2) As Determinants of Habitual Caffeine Consumption,PLoS Genet. 2011 Apr;7(4):e1002033. Epub 2011 Apr 7.

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困惑的巧合

引

“多胞胎”哥儿几个都长那么像，性格爱好会不会也一样？一个病了，其他几个怎么也跟着浑身不得劲？分隔两地40年，兄弟俩却有着几乎相同的生活轨迹……倘若这一切的发生“纯属巧合”，那这种巧合是不是有点太过蹊跷和神秘？

“心灵感应”or“巧合”？

在一般人的认识中，多胞胎之间都应该像照镜子似的，一模一样。可是，性格呢？其中是不是存在一些我们所不知道的玄机？

还是先来看一项科学研究吧。1990年，美国明尼苏答大学的托马斯•保查德（Thomas Bouchard）研究组邀集了8000多对同卵孪生子和异卵孪生子，其中包括130多对在不同家庭长大的同卵孪生子。集合以后比来比去，最后获得的统计结果发现，一起长大的同卵孪生子之间的性格相似度为0.46（1为完全相似，0为完全不相似）。而随便在大街上找两个人的相似程度大约是0.05。

对比这一结果，研究人员发现：生活环境相同的同卵孪生子的相似度远远高于随机选取的两个人。而产生这个结果主要由两个因素决定，一个是同卵孪生子的遗传物质的相同性，另一个就是相同的生活环境。可到底是哪个因素起了决定性作用呢？

不妨再看下另一个结论数据：自小分开抚养的同卵孪生子的相似程度平均是0.45，也就比在相同生活环境下长大的同孪生子仅仅少了0.01！看来，环境对同孪生子性格的影响微乎其微。科学家由此得出结论，孪生子间的性格相似性远大于普通人的主要原因，还是在于他们的“特殊出身”——你是同卵还是异卵。而那0.01的差别，就主要由每个人所面临的“个性环境”来决定了。

既然多胞胎之间如此相近，那么发生在他们之间的那些“巧合”是不是就是所谓的“心灵感应？美国媒体曾报道过一个事实，一对生活在俄亥俄州的双胞胎，一出生就被不同的家庭收养。40多年后两人重逢时发现他们的生活有着惊人的相似。兄弟俩都被取名为“詹姆士”，都在机械绘画和木工工艺方面具有天赋。二人都有过两次婚姻，他们的前妻都叫琳达，而现任妻子的名字又都叫作贝蒂。他们各有两个儿子，分别叫詹姆士•艾伦和詹姆士•艾兰。此外，两家宠物狗的名字都叫“玩具”。

看起来似乎神奇得有点“邪门”？实际上，孪生子，尤其是同卵孪生子，可谓天然的“克隆产物”，他们的遗传物质高度相同（不排除有变异导致的个别不同者），血缘关系也是最亲密的。这种血缘上的亲密性，会极大程度地影响孪生子的生理和心理。每个独立的个体，在自己的多维空间中，接触吸收的因素都不一样，这些不一样的东西统统影响到他们，再做出决定，达到巧合，形成默契，于是被惊称为“心灵感应”。

日常生活中，当两个人待的时间长了，往往会出现相似的爱好、价值取向、人生观，进而会出现越来越多的“默契”，比如“夫妻相”。可实际上，以“心灵感应”署名的大部分内容和结论，都是值得商榷才能被“科学”所承认的，直到有一天科学真的可以破解这个谜。

不少人会好奇，生了多胞胎，后代再生多胞胎的几率有多大？是不是会更容易？恭喜你，答案是肯定的。一般来讲，人群中的多胞胎比率是一定的。一些人群具有生多胞胎的“特质”，这是由其自身的遗传物质所决定的，就像有的人群生来就长寿，有的人群生来就患有心脏病一样。在演化的漫漫长河中，咱们的前辈早就与周围的环境和生物相互磨合，从而形成了一种特殊的“群体定势”，这种定势在后代的发展中，可能愈演愈烈，也可能渐渐消亡。譬如不同肤色人种，黑种人多胞胎的发生率最高，达到1/22，然后是白种人（1/89），咱们黄种人最低。

另外，据专家观察研究，多胞胎的发生具有明显的家族性，即与遗传有关。父母中本人是双胞胎的，比较容易生下双胞胎或多胞胎子女。有资料显示：双胞胎孩子的母亲本人也是双胞胎的约占４%。

多胞胎都比较“笨”？
多胞胎由于“搭伴儿”而来，母亲的子宫就需要由原来一个胎儿享有的各种资源，尽可能地进行平均分配，这样一来，就会导致多胞胎最常见的问题——体重过轻。这种情况下，多胞胎并发症明显增多，大多数极低体重儿合并3种以上的并发症，不同时期发生的主要并发症还不同。3天内的主要并发症，以呼吸窘迫综合征（50.7%）、颅内出血（42.4%）、反复呼吸暂停症（40.8%）、低体温（33.9%）、新生儿窒息（31.6%）居多。

再看一份来自浙江大学医学院营养与食品安全所的《中国多胞胎儿童营养状况的调查和分析》，其中称，因为多胞胎往往体重很低，虽然体格发育与其他婴儿没有明显不同，但是脑性瘫痪、视网膜病变、听力障碍、癫痫和肺发育不了的发生率却明显高于正常婴儿。多胞胎儿的身体、智力发育较其他儿童迟缓，伤残、死亡率高。过低的体重还会影响到大脑与听力、视力的发育，不但会引发永久性损伤，严重的甚至会形成“脑瘫”。研究指出，多胞胎幸存儿脑瘫的发病率是单胎妊娠的4～20倍，而早产儿预产后的智商问题有待进一步调查研究。

（感谢胡江路编辑。本文发表在《新探索》杂志9月份刊，如果想要看更多《新探索》文章，可以去www.quochina.com下载免费电子杂志阅读。）

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本文作者：段玉引 “多胞胎”哥儿几个都长那么像，性格爱好会不会也一样？一个病了，其他几个怎么也跟着浑身不得劲？分隔两地40年，兄弟俩却有着几乎相同的生活轨迹……倘若这一切的发生“纯属巧合”，那这种巧合是不是有点太过蹊跷和神秘？ “心灵感应”or“巧合”？ 在一般人的认识中，多胞胎之间都应该像照镜子似的，一模一样。可是，性格呢？其中是不是存在一些我们所不知道的玄机？ 还是先来看一项科学研究吧。1990年，美国明尼苏答大学的托马斯•保查德（Thomas Bouchard）研究组邀集了8000多对同卵孪生子和异卵孪生子，其中包括130多对在不同家庭长大的同卵孪生子。集合以后比来比去，最后获得的统计结果发现，一起长大的同卵孪生子之间的性格相似度为0.46（1为完全相似，0为完全不相似）。而随便在大街上找两个人的相似程度大约是0.05。 对比这一结果，研究人员发现：生活环境相同的同卵孪生子的相似度远远高于随机选取的两个人。而产生这个结果主要由两个因素决定，一个是同卵孪生子的遗传物质的相同性，另一个就是相同的生活环境。可到底是哪个因素起了决定性作用呢？ 不妨再看下另一个结论数据：自小分开抚养的同卵孪生子的相似程度平均是0.45，也就比在相同生活环境下长大的同孪生子仅仅少了0.01！看来，环境对同孪生子性格的影响微乎其微。科学家由此得出结论，孪生子间的性格相似性远大于普通人的主要原因，还是在于他们的“特殊出身”——你是同卵还是异卵。而那0.01的差别，就主要由每个人所面临的“个性环境”来决定了。 既然多胞胎之间如此相近，那么发生在他们之间的那些“巧合”是不是就是所谓的“心灵感应？美国媒体曾报道过一个事实，一对生活在俄亥俄州的双胞胎，一出生就被不同的家庭收养。40多年后两人重逢时发现他们的生活有着惊人的相似。兄弟俩都被取名为“詹姆士”，都在机械绘画和木工工艺方面具有天赋。二人都有过两次婚姻，他们的前妻都叫琳达，而现任妻子的名字又都叫作贝蒂。他们各有两个儿子，分别叫詹姆士•艾伦和詹姆士•艾兰。此外，两家宠物狗的名字都叫“玩具”。 看起来似乎神奇得有点“邪门”？实际上，孪生子，尤其是同卵孪生子，可谓天然的“克隆产物”，他们的遗传物质高度相同（不排除有变异导致的个别不同者），血缘关系也是最亲密的。这种血缘上的亲密性，会极大程度地影响孪生子的生理和心理。每个独立的个体，在自己的多维空间中，接触吸收的因素都不一样，这些不一样的东西统统影响到他们，再做出决定，达到巧合，形成默契，于是被惊称为“心灵感应”。 日常生活中，当两个人待的时间长了，往往会出现相似的爱好、价值取向、人生观，进而会出现越来越多的“默契”，比如“夫妻相”。可实际上，以“心灵感应”署名的大部分内容和结论，都是值得商榷才能被“科学”所承认的，直到有一天科学真的可以破解这个谜。 不少人会好奇，生了多胞胎，后代再生多胞胎的几率有多大？是不是会更容易？恭喜你，答案是肯定的。一般来讲，人群中的多胞胎比率是一定的。一些人群具有生多胞胎的“特质”，这是由其自身的遗传物质所决定的，就像有的人群生来就长寿，有的人群生来就患有心脏病一样。在演化的漫漫长河中，咱们的前辈早就与周围的环境和生物相互磨合，从而形成了一种特殊的“群体定势”，这种定势在后代的发展中，可能愈演愈烈，也可能渐渐消亡。譬如不同肤色人种，黑种人多胞胎的发生率最高，达到1/22，然后是白种人（1/89），咱们黄种人最低。 另外，据专家观察研究，多胞胎的发生具有明显的家族性，即与遗传有关。父母中本人是双胞胎的，比较容易生下双胞胎或多胞胎子女。有资料显示：双胞胎孩子的母亲本人也是双胞胎的约占４%。 多胞胎都比较“笨”？ 多胞胎由于“搭伴儿”而来，母亲的子宫就需要由原来一个胎儿享有的各种资源，尽可能地进行平均分配，这样一来，就会导致多胞胎最常见的问题——体重过轻。这种情况下，多胞胎并发症明显增多，大多数极低体重儿合并3种以上的并发症，不同时期发生的主要并发症还不同。3天内的主要并发症，以呼吸窘迫综合征（50.7%）、颅内出血（42.4%）、反复呼吸暂停症（40.8%）、低体温（33.9%）、新生儿窒息（31.6%）居多。 再看一份来自浙江大学医学院营养与食品安全所的《中国多胞胎儿童营养状况的调查和分析》，其中称，因为多胞胎往往体重很低，虽然体格发育与其他婴儿没有明显不同，但是脑性瘫痪、视网膜病变、听力障碍、癫痫和肺发育不了的发生率却明显高于正常婴儿。多胞胎儿的身体、智力发育较其他儿童迟缓，伤残、死亡率高。过低的体重还会影响到大脑与听力、视力的发育，不但会引发永久性损伤，严重的甚至会形成“脑瘫”。研究指出，多胞胎幸存儿脑瘫的发病率是单胎妊娠的4～20倍，而早产儿预产后的智商问题有待进一步调查研究。 （感谢胡江路编辑。本文发表在《新探索》杂志9月份刊，如果想要看更多《新探索》文章，可以去www.quochina.com下载免费电子杂志阅读。） <div style="margin-bottom:10px"><div class="bshare-custom icon-medium"><a title="分享到新浪微博" class="bshare-sinaminiblog"></a><a title="分享到人人网" class="bshare-renren"></a><a title="分享到豆瓣" class="bshare-douban" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到腾讯微博" class="bshare-qqmb" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到开心网" class="bshare-kaixin001" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到QQ空间" class="bshare-qzone" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到网易微博" class="bshare-neteasemb" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到Facebook" class="bshare-facebook" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到Twitter" class="bshare-twitter" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a 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2013年3月10日星期日

Heal thyself: The power of mind over matter

Heal thyself: The power of mind over matter

Source: http://www.newscientist.com/special/heal-thyself

A free drug can help treat many disorders with no side effects: our minds. Jo Marchant reveals six ways to exploit its power

Think positive

"Everything's going to be fine." Go on, try to convince yourself, because realism can be bad for your health. Optimists recover better from medical procedures such as coronary bypass surgery, have healthier immune systems and live longer, both in general and when suffering from conditions such as cancer, heart disease and kidney failure (Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol 39, p 4).

It is well accepted that negative thoughts and anxiety can make us ill. Stress - the belief that we are at risk - triggers physiological pathways such as the "fight-or-flight" response, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. These have evolved to protect us from danger, but if switched on long-term they increase the risk of conditions such as diabetes and dementia.

What researchers are now realising is that positive beliefs don't just work by quelling stress. They have a positive effect too - feeling safe and secure, or believing things will turn out fine, seems to help the body maintain and repair itself. A recent analysis of various studies concluded that the health benefits of such positive thinking happen independently of the harm caused by negative states such as pessimism or stress, and are roughly comparable in magnitude (Psychosomatic Medicine, vol 70, p 741).

Optimism seems to reduce stress-induced inflammation and levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. It may also reduce susceptibility to disease by dampening sympathetic nervous system activity and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. The latter governs the so-called "rest and digest" response - the opposite of fight-or-flight.

Just as helpful as taking a rosy view of the future is having a rosy view of yourself. High "self-enhancers" - people who see themselves in a more positive light than others see them - have lower cardiovascular responses to stress and recover faster, as well as lower baseline cortisol levels (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol 85, p 605).

Some people are just born optimists. But whatever your natural disposition, you can train yourself to think more positively, and it seems that the more stressed or pessimistic you are to begin with, the better it will work.

David Creswell from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and his colleagues asked students facing exams to write short essays on times when they had displayed qualities that were important to them, such as creativity or independence. The aim was to boost their sense of self-worth. Compared with a control group, students who "self-affirmed" in this way had lower levels of adrenaline and other fight-or-flight hormones in their urine on exam day (Health Psychology, vol 28, p 554). The effect was greatest in those who started off most worried about their exam results.

Trust people

Your attitude towards other people can have a big effect on your health. Being lonely increases the risk of everything from heart attacks to dementia, depression and death, whereas people who are satisfied with their social lives sleep better, age more slowly and respond better to vaccines. The effect is so strong that curing loneliness is as good for your health as giving up smoking, according to John Cacioppo of the University of Chicago, Illinois, who has spent his career studying the effects of social isolation.

"It's probably the single most powerful behavioural finding in the world," agrees Charles Raison of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, who studies mind-body interactions. "People who have rich social lives and warm, open relationships don't get sick and they live longer." This is partly because people who are lonely often don't look after themselves well, but Cacioppo says there are direct physiological mechanisms too - related to, but not identical to, the effects of stress.

Earlier this year, Cacioppo reported that in lonely people, genes involved in cortisol signalling and the inflammatory response were up-regulated, and that immune cells important in fighting bacteria were more active, too. He suggests that our bodies may have evolved so that in situations of perceived social isolation, they trigger branches of the immune system involved in wound healing and bacterial infection. An isolated person would be at greater risk of physical trauma, whereas being in a group might favour the immune responses necessary for fighting viruses, which spread easily between people in close contact.

Crucially, these differences relate most strongly to how lonely people believe themselves to be, rather than to the actual size of their social network. That also makes sense from an evolutionary point of view, says Cacioppo, because being among hostile strangers can be just as dangerous as being alone. So ending loneliness is not about spending more time with people. Cacioppo thinks it is all about our attitude to others: lonely people become overly sensitive to social threats and come to see others as potentially dangerous. In a review of previous studies, published last year, he found that tackling this attitude reduced loneliness more effectively than giving people more opportunities for interaction, or teaching social skills (Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol 40, p 218).

If you feel satisfied with your social life, whether you have one or two close friends or quite a few, there is nothing to worry about. "But if you're sitting there feeling threatened by others and as if you're alone in the world, that's probably a reason to take steps," Cacioppo says.

Meditate

Monks have been meditating on mountaintops for millennia, hoping to gain spiritual enlightenment. Their efforts have probably enhanced their physical health, too.

Trials looking at the effects of meditation have mostly been small, but they have suggested a range of benefits. There is some evidence that meditation boosts the immune response in vaccine recipients and people with cancer, protects against a relapse in major depression, soothes skin conditions and even slows the progression of HIV.

Meditation might even slow the ageing process. Telomeres, the protective caps on the ends of chromosomes, get shorter every time a cell divides and so play a role in ageing. Clifford Saron of the Center for Mind and Brain at the University of California, Davis, and colleagues recently showed that levels of an enzyme that builds up telomeres were higher in people who attended a three-month meditation retreat than in a control group (Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol 36, p 664).

As with social interaction, meditation probably works largely by influencing stress response pathways. People who meditate have lower cortisol levels, and one study showed they have changes in their amygdala, a brain area involved in fear and the response to threat (Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, vol 5, p 11).

One of the co-authors of Saron's study, Elissa Epel, a psychiatrist at the University of California, San Francisco, believes that meditation may also boost "pathways of restoration and health enhancement", perhaps by triggering a release of growth and sex hormones.

If you don't have time for a three-month retreat, don't worry. Imaging studies show that meditation can cause structural changes in the brain after as little as 11 hours of training. Epel suggests fitting in short "mini-meditations" throughout the day, taking a few minutes at your desk to focus on your breathing, for example: "Little moments here and there all matter."

Self-hypnosis

Hypnotherapy has struggled for scientific acceptance ever since Franz Mesmer claimed in the 18th century that he could cure all manner of ills with what he termed "animal magnetism". "The whole field is plagued by people who don't feel research is necessary," says Peter Whorwell of the University of Manchester in the UK.

Whorwell has spent much of his professional life building a body of evidence for the use of hypnosis to treat just one condition: irritable bowel syndrome. IBS is considered a "functional" disorder - a rather derogatory term used when a patient suffers symptoms but doctors can't see anything wrong. Whorwell felt that his patients, some of whom had such severe symptoms they were suicidal, were being let down by the medical profession. "I got into hypnosis because the conventional treatment of these conditions is abysmal."

Whorwell gives patients a brief tutorial on how the gut functions, then gets them to use visual or tactile sensations - the feeling of warmth, for example - to imagine their bowel working normally. It seems to work - IBS is the only condition for which hypnosis is recommended by the UK's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Despite this, Whorwell still has trouble convincing doctors to prescribe it. "We've produced a lot of incontrovertible research," he says. "Yet people are still loath to agree to it."

Part of the problem is that it isn't clear exactly how hypnosis works. What is clear is that when hypnotised, people can influence parts of their body in novel ways. Whorwell has shown that under hypnosis, some IBS patients can reduce the contractions of their bowel, something not normally under conscious control (Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol 64, p 621). Their bowel lining also becomes less sensitive to pain.

Hypnosis probably taps into physiological pathways similar to those involved in the placebo effect, says Irving Kirsch of the University of Hull, UK. For one thing, the medical conditions that the two can benefit are similar, and both are underpinned by suggestion and expectation - believing in a particular outcome. The downside is that some people do not respond as strongly to hypnosis as others.

Most clinical trials involving hypnosis are small, largely because of a lack of funding, but they suggest that hypnosis may help pain management, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, obesity, asthma and skin conditions such as psoriasis and warts (Papeles des Psicólogo, vol 30, p 98). Finding a good hypnotherapist can be tricky as the profession is not regulated, but hypnotising yourself seems to work just as well. "Self-hypnosis is the most important part," says Whorwell.

Know your purpose

In a study of 50 people with advanced lung cancer, those judged by their doctors to have high "spiritual faith" responded better to chemotherapy and survived longer. Over 40 per cent were still alive after three years, compared with less than 10 per cent of those judged to have little faith (In Vivo, vol 22, p 577). Are your hackles rising? Of all the research into the healing potential of thoughts and beliefs, studies into the effects of religion are the most controversial.

There are thousands of studies purporting to show a link between some aspect of religion - such as attending church or praying - and better health. Religion has been associated with lower rates of cardiovascular disease, stroke, blood pressure and metabolic disorders, better immune functioning, improved outcomes for infections such as HIV and meningitis, and lower risk of developing cancer.

Critics of these studies, such as Richard Sloan of Columbia University Medical Center in New York, point out that many of them don't adequately tease out other factors. For instance, religious people often have lower-risk lifestyles and churchgoers tend to enjoy strong social support, and seriously ill people are less likely to attend church. Nonetheless, a recent analysis of studies in the area concluded, after trying to control for these factors, that "religiosity/spirituality" does have a protective effect, though only in healthy people (Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, vol 78, p 81). The authors warned there might be a publication bias, though, with researchers failing to publish negative results.

Even if the link between religion and better health is genuine, there is no need to invoke divine intervention to explain it. Some researchers attribute it to the placebo effect - trusting that some deity or other will heal you may be just as effective as belief in a drug or doctor (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol 366, p 1838). Others, like Paolo Lissoni of San Gerardo Hospital in Milan, Italy, who did the lung-cancer study mentioned above, believe that the positive emotions associated with "spirituality" promote beneficial physiological responses.

Yet others think that what really matters is having a sense of purpose in life, whatever it might be. Having an idea of why you are here and what is important increases our sense of control over events, rendering them less stressful. In Saron's three-month meditation study (see "Meditate", page 34), the increase in levels of the enzyme that repairs telomeres correlated with an increased sense of control and an increased sense of purpose in life. In fact, Saron argues, this psychological shift may have been more important than the meditation itself.

He points out that the participants were already keen meditators, so the study gave them the chance to spend three months doing something important to them. Spending more time doing what you love, whether it's gardening or voluntary work, might have a similar effect on health. The big news from the study, Saron says, is "the profound impact of having the opportunity to live your life in a way that you find meaningful".

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本文作者：小红猪小分队Heal thyself: The power of mind over matter Source: <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/special/heal-thyself">http://www.newscientist.com/special/heal-thyself</a> <a rel="attachment wp-att-58498" href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/58497/1-173"><img class="size-full wp-image-58498 alignnone lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/1.png" alt="" width="300" height="225" /><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-58498 alignnone" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/1.png" alt="" width="300" height="225" /></noscript></a> A free drug can help treat many disorders with no side effects: our minds. Jo Marchant reveals six ways to exploit its power Think positive <a rel="attachment wp-att-58501" href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/58497/2-52"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58501 lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/2.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /><noscript><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58501" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/2.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /></noscript></a> "Everything's going to be fine." Go on, try to convince yourself, because realism can be bad for your health. Optimists recover better from medical procedures such as coronary bypass surgery, have healthier immune systems and live longer, both in general and when suffering from conditions such as cancer, heart disease and kidney failure (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9153-0" target="nsarticle">Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol 39, p 4</a>). It is well accepted that negative thoughts and anxiety can make us ill. Stress - the belief that we are at risk - triggers physiological pathways such as the "fight-or-flight" response, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. These have evolved to protect us from danger, but if switched on long-term they increase the risk of conditions such as diabetes and dementia. What researchers are now realising is that positive beliefs don't just work by quelling stress. They have a positive effect too - feeling safe and secure, or believing things will turn out fine, seems to help the body maintain and repair itself. A recent analysis of various studies concluded that the health benefits of such positive thinking happen independently of the harm caused by negative states such as pessimism or stress, and are roughly comparable in magnitude (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31818105ba" target="nsarticle">Psychosomatic Medicine, vol 70, p 741</a>). Optimism seems to reduce stress-induced inflammation and levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. It may also reduce susceptibility to disease by dampening sympathetic nervous system activity and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. The latter governs the so-called "rest and digest" response - the opposite of fight-or-flight. Just as helpful as taking a rosy view of the future is having a rosy view of yourself. High "self-enhancers" - people who see themselves in a more positive light than others see them - have lower cardiovascular responses to stress and recover faster, as well as lower baseline cortisol levels (<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022351403029121" target="nsarticle">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol 85, p 605</a>). Some people are just born optimists. But whatever your natural disposition, you can train yourself to think more positively, and it seems that the more stressed or pessimistic you are to begin with, the better it will work. David Creswell from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and his colleagues asked students facing exams to write short essays on times when they had displayed qualities that were important to them, such as creativity or independence. The aim was to boost their sense of self-worth. Compared with a control group, students who "self-affirmed" in this way had lower levels of adrenaline and other fight-or-flight hormones in their urine on exam day (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014663" target="nsarticle">Health Psychology, vol 28, p 554</a>). The effect was greatest in those who started off most worried about their exam results. Trust people <a rel="attachment wp-att-58502" href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/58497/3-30"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58502 lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/3.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /><noscript><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58502" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/3.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /></noscript></a> Your attitude towards other people can have a big effect on your health. Being lonely increases the risk of everything from heart attacks to dementia, depression and death, whereas people who are satisfied with their social lives sleep better, age more slowly and respond better to vaccines. The effect is so strong that curing loneliness is as good for your health as giving up smoking, according to John Cacioppo of the University of Chicago, Illinois, who has spent his career studying the effects of social isolation. "It's probably the single most powerful behavioural finding in the world," agrees Charles Raison of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, who studies mind-body interactions. "People who have rich social lives and warm, open relationships don't get sick and they live longer." This is partly because people who are lonely often don't look after themselves well, but Cacioppo says there are direct physiological mechanisms too - related to, but not identical to, the effects of stress. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014218108" target="nsarticle">Earlier this year</a>, Cacioppo reported that in lonely people, genes involved in cortisol signalling and the inflammatory response were up-regulated, and that immune cells important in fighting bacteria were more active, too. He suggests that our bodies may have evolved so that in situations of perceived social isolation, they trigger branches of the immune system involved in wound healing and bacterial infection. An isolated person would be at greater risk of physical trauma, whereas being in a group might favour the immune responses necessary for fighting viruses, which spread easily between people in close contact. Crucially, these differences relate most strongly to how lonely people believe themselves to be, rather than to the actual size of their social network. That also makes sense from an evolutionary point of view, says Cacioppo, because being among hostile strangers can be just as dangerous as being alone. So ending loneliness is not about spending more time with people. Cacioppo thinks it is all about our attitude to others: lonely people become overly sensitive to social threats and come to see others as potentially dangerous. In a review of previous studies, published last year, he found that tackling this attitude reduced loneliness more effectively than giving people more opportunities for interaction, or teaching social skills (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8" target="nsarticle">Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol 40, p 218</a>). If you feel satisfied with your social life, whether you have one or two close friends or quite a few, there is nothing to worry about. "But if you're sitting there feeling threatened by others and as if you're alone in the world, that's probably a reason to take steps," Cacioppo says. Meditate <a rel="attachment wp-att-58503" href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/58497/4-26"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58503 lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/4.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /><noscript><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58503" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/4.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /></noscript></a> Monks have been meditating on mountaintops for millennia, hoping to gain spiritual enlightenment. Their efforts have probably enhanced their physical health, too. Trials looking at the effects of meditation have mostly been small, but they have suggested a range of benefits. There is some evidence that meditation boosts the immune response in vaccine recipients and people with cancer, protects against a relapse in major depression, soothes skin conditions and even slows the progression of HIV. Meditation might even slow the ageing process. Telomeres, the protective caps on the ends of chromosomes, get shorter every time a cell divides and so play a role in ageing. Clifford Saron of the Center for Mind and Brain at the University of California, Davis, and colleagues recently showed that levels of an enzyme that builds up telomeres were higher in people who attended a three-month meditation retreat than in a control group (Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol 36, p 664). As with social interaction, meditation probably works largely by influencing stress response pathways. People who meditate have lower cortisol levels, and one study showed they have changes in their amygdala, a brain area involved in fear and the response to threat (Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, vol 5, p 11). One of the co-authors of Saron's study, <a href="http://chc.ucsf.edu/coast/faculty_epel.htm" target="nsarticle">Elissa Epel</a>, a psychiatrist at the University of California, San Francisco, believes that meditation may also boost "pathways of restoration and health enhancement", perhaps by triggering a release of growth and sex hormones. If you don't have time for a three-month retreat, don't worry. Imaging studies show that <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011043107" target="nsarticle">meditation can cause structural changes in the brain after as little as 11 hours of training</a>. Epel suggests fitting in short "mini-meditations" throughout the day, taking a few minutes at your desk to focus on your breathing, for example: "Little moments here and there all matter." Self-hypnosis <a rel="attachment wp-att-58504" href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/58497/5-20"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58504 lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/5.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /><noscript><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58504" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/5.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /></noscript></a> Hypnotherapy has struggled for scientific acceptance ever since Franz Mesmer claimed in the 18th century that he could cure all manner of ills with what he termed "animal magnetism". "The whole field is plagued by people who don't feel research is necessary," says Peter Whorwell of the University of Manchester in the UK. Whorwell has spent much of his professional life building a body of evidence for the use of hypnosis to treat just one condition: irritable bowel syndrome. IBS is considered a "functional" disorder - a rather derogatory term used when a patient suffers symptoms but doctors can't see anything wrong. Whorwell felt that his patients, some of whom had such severe symptoms they were suicidal, were being let down by the medical profession. "I got into hypnosis because the conventional treatment of these conditions is abysmal." Whorwell gives patients a brief tutorial on how the gut functions, then gets them to use visual or tactile sensations - the feeling of warmth, for example - to imagine their bowel working normally. It seems to work - IBS is the only condition for which hypnosis is recommended by the UK's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Despite this, Whorwell still has trouble convincing doctors to prescribe it. "We've produced a lot of incontrovertible research," he says. "Yet people are still loath to agree to it." Part of the problem is that it isn't clear exactly <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427291.200-look-into-my-eyes-the-power-of-hypnosis.html">how hypnosis works</a>. What is clear is that when hypnotised, people can influence parts of their body in novel ways. Whorwell has shown that under hypnosis, some IBS patients can reduce the contractions of their bowel, something not normally under conscious control (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.02.022" target="nsarticle">Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol 64, p 621</a>). Their bowel lining also becomes less sensitive to pain. Hypnosis probably taps into physiological pathways similar to those involved in the placebo effect, says Irving Kirsch of the University of Hull, UK. For one thing, the medical conditions that the two can benefit are similar, and both are underpinned by suggestion and expectation - believing in a particular outcome. The downside is that some people do not respond as strongly to hypnosis as others. Most clinical trials involving hypnosis are small, largely because of a lack of funding, but they suggest that hypnosis may help <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725111.800-under-the-knife-under-hypnosis.html">pain management</a>, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, obesity, asthma and skin conditions such as psoriasis and warts (Papeles des Psicólogo, vol 30, p 98). Finding a good hypnotherapist can be tricky as the profession is not regulated, but hypnotising yourself seems to work just as well. "Self-hypnosis is the most important part," says Whorwell. Know your purpose <a rel="attachment wp-att-58505" href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/58497/6-14"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58505 lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/6.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /><noscript><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-58505" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/6.png" alt="" width="300" height="229" /></noscript></a> In a study of 50 people with advanced lung cancer, those judged by their doctors to have high "spiritual faith" responded better to chemotherapy and survived longer. Over 40 per cent were still alive after three years, compared with less than 10 per cent of those judged to have little faith (<a href="http://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/22/5/577.long" target="nsarticle">In Vivo, vol 22, p 577</a>). Are your hackles rising? Of all the research into the healing potential of thoughts and beliefs, studies into the effects of religion are the most controversial. There are thousands of studies purporting to show a link between some aspect of religion - such as attending church or praying - and better health. Religion has been associated with lower rates of cardiovascular disease, stroke, blood pressure and metabolic disorders, better immune functioning, improved outcomes for infections such as HIV and meningitis, and lower risk of developing cancer. Critics of these studies, such as Richard Sloan of Columbia University Medical Center in New York, point out that many of them don't adequately tease out other factors. For instance, religious people often have lower-risk lifestyles and churchgoers tend to enjoy strong social support, and seriously ill people are less likely to attend church. Nonetheless, a recent analysis of studies in the area concluded, after trying to control for these factors, that "religiosity/spirituality" does have a protective effect, though only in healthy people (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000190791" target="nsarticle">Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, vol 78, p 81</a>). The authors warned there might be a publication bias, though, with researchers failing to publish negative results. Even if the link between religion and better health is genuine, there is no need to invoke divine intervention to explain it. Some researchers attribute it to the placebo effect - trusting that some deity or other will heal you may be just as effective as belief in a drug or doctor (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0389" target="nsarticle">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol 366, p 1838</a>). Others, like Paolo Lissoni of San Gerardo Hospital in Milan, Italy, who did the lung-cancer study mentioned above, believe that the positive emotions associated with "spirituality" promote beneficial physiological responses. Yet others think that what really matters is having a sense of purpose in life, whatever it might be. Having an idea of why you are here and what is important increases our sense of control over events, rendering them less stressful. In Saron's three-month meditation study (see "Meditate", page 34), the increase in levels of the enzyme that repairs telomeres correlated with an increased sense of control and an increased sense of purpose in life. In fact, Saron argues, this psychological shift may have been more important than the meditation itself. He points out that the participants were already keen meditators, so the study gave them the chance to spend three months doing something important to them. Spending more time doing what you love, whether it's gardening or voluntary work, might have a similar effect on health. The big news from the study, Saron says, is "the profound impact of having the opportunity to live your life in a way that you find meaningful". <div style="margin-bottom:10px"><div class="bshare-custom icon-medium"><a title="分享到新浪微博" class="bshare-sinaminiblog"></a><a title="分享到人人网" class="bshare-renren"></a><a title="分享到豆瓣" class="bshare-douban" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到腾讯微博" class="bshare-qqmb" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到开心网" class="bshare-kaixin001" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到QQ空间" class="bshare-qzone" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到网易微博" class="bshare-neteasemb" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到Facebook" class="bshare-facebook" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到Twitter" class="bshare-twitter" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到Google+" class="bshare-gplus" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="更多平台" class="bshare-more bshare-more-icon more-style-addthis"></a>7.31K</div><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="http://static.bshare.cn/b/buttonLite.js#style=-1&uuid=6602adc5-bd7a-43d1-8037-f8e449a3afc5&pophcol=2&lang=zh"></script><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="http://static.bshare.cn/b/bshareC0.js"></script></div>相关文章<div class="my-related-posts-box" style="width:100%;height:100%;clear:both;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;"> <a href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/79497" class="my-related-posts" style="width:112px;height:180px;float:left;text-align:center;border:1px solid #f5f5f5;border-bottom-style:none;border-top-style:none;padding:0px;margin:1px;text-decoration:none;" onmouseover="this.style.border='1px solid #CCC';this.style.background='#E2E2E2';this.style.borderBottom='none';this.style.borderTop='none'" onmouseout="this.style.background='';this.style.border='1px solid #f5f5f5';this.style.borderBottom='none';this.style.borderTop='none'"> <img class="my-related-posts-img lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/scilog3-4-thumb1.jpg" style="width:106px;height:106px;border:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:1px;margin:1px;" /><noscript><img class="my-related-posts-img" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/scilog3-4-thumb1.jpg" style="width:106px;height:106px;border:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:1px;margin:1px;" /></noscript> Clone alone: Who needs sex? 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