科学123: The Psychology of Attraction: How To Flirt With Science

by sammcnerney on August 9, 2011

Source: http://whywereason.wordpress.com/2011/08/09/the-psychology-of-attraction-how-to-flirt-with-science/

A lot has been written on the science of attraction lately. So I thought I would pick a few of my favorites studies and create a brief guide. Since all of these studies identify what unconsciously influences attraction, you can check your go-to pick up lines at the door – we’re talking science here. Below are four points you should keep in mind next time you’re “on the prowl.”

1. The first is a classic in the psych world. Conducted back in the 1970s, psychologists Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron wanted to see if “sexual attractions occur with an increased frequency during states of strong emotion.” To do this, they set up two experiments. In one, they placed an attractive female interviewer in the middle of a “fear-arousing suspension bridge,” and in the other, they placed an attractive female interviewer in the middle of a “non-fear-arousing suspension bridge.” The instructions were the same in each scenario. Whenever male participants walked by, they asked them to a) fill out a questionnaire and b) examine an illustration of a woman covering her face and then make up a back story explaining it. In addition, they told the men that they would be happy to discuss the study later that night if they had any questions, and gave them their numbers on a piece of paper.

Dutton and Aron found that men interviewed on the “fear-arousing suspension bridge” called the interviewer back 50% of the time while men interviewed on the “non-fear-arousing bridge” called back 12.5% of the time. In addition, the former group were much more likely to describe the back story sexually than the later group. So if you are feeling nervous about talking to that special someone, go do something that excites your nerves first.

2. The second point comes from Yale psychologist John Bargh, who specializes in the effects of priming. Priming is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to stimulus or stimuli influences responses to later stimulus or stimuli (for example, if you took a multiple choice test that contained words that evoked “oldness” – e.g., Florida, gray, weak – you would subsequently walk slower than if you took a test that didn’t contain old words). In an experiment run a few years ago, Bargh had participants hold either warm beverages or cold beverages and indicate if they thought a confederate had a warm or cold personality. He found that the participants who held warm beverages judged the confederate to have a warm personality while the participants who held cold beverages judged the confederate to have a cold personality. So the next time you go on a date, take her/him out for coffee instead of ice cream. (The video below describes priming well).

3. I blogged about the third point a few months ago, and it essentially comes down to this: men unconsciously detect menstruation and are turned off by it. Don’t think so? Let’s look at the data. In a 2006 study, researchers from the Czech Republic found that men can recognize if females are on their period through smell. The researchers gathered odor samples from 12 women by having them place cotton pads under their armpits for 24 hours. Then, they had men smell the cotton pads and rate their intensity, and attractiveness. They found that “odor from women in the follicular (i.e. fertile) phase was rated as the least intense and the most attractive [and vice versa].” In addition, a study done in January showed that “men and women judge photographs of women’s faces that were taken in the fertile window of the menstrual cycle as more attractive than photographs taken during the luteal phase.” Put differently, women are most attractive just before ovulation. So ladies, the next time you go out, remember that guys can smell and see the menstruation. And dudes, if you think she is cool and cute but something is just a bit “off,” give it a few days.

4. The fourth point comes from psychologists Sarah E. Hill and David M. Buss at the University of Texas at Austin. Hill and Buss found that “women rated men more desirable when shown surrounded by women than when shown alone or with other men (a desirability enhancement effect). In sharp contrast, men rated women less desirable when shown surrounded by men than when shown alone or with women.” How can you use this to your advantage? If you are a woman, surround yourself with women; if you are a man, surround yourself with women. Easy enough.

On one hand, the science of attraction is simple: we are motivated to pass on our genes. Beyond this, who knows? What I have outlined here really only scratches the surface. Psychology needs at least a few more decades to even begin to understand attraction. For now though, keep these four pointers in mind: 1) Do something that is emotional stimulating before flirting. If there isn’t a suspension bridge near by, do your best to find an equivalent 2) Remember that physical warmth causes people to perceive personal warmth 3) Be wary of the unconscious influences of menstruation 4) Know that the group of friends you go out with influences your desirability.

As I mentioned in the introduction, these findings all describe unconscious motivations. So in this regard, there is only a certain amount of control you can have. However, you can take advantage of these motivations now that you are aware of them.

Williams, L., & Bargh, J. (2008). Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth Science, 322 (5901), 606-607 DOI: 10.1126/science.1162548
Dutton, D., & Aron, A. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30 (4), 510-517 DOI: 10.1037/h0037031

Havlicek, J., Dvorakova, R., Bartos, L., & Flegr, J. (2006). Non-Advertized does not Mean Concealed: Body Odour Changes across the Human Menstrual Cycle Ethology, 112 (1), 81-90 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01125.x

Roberts, S., Havlicek, J., Flegr, J., Hruskova, M., Little, A., Jones, B., Perrett, D., & Petrie, M. (2004). Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271 (Suppl_5) DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2004.0174

Hill, S., & Buss, D. (2008). The Mere Presence of Opposite-Sex Others on Judgments of Sexual and Romantic Desirability: Opposite Effects for Men and Women Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (5), 635-647 DOI: 10.1177/0146167207313728

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本文作者：小红猪小分队by sammcnerney on August 9, 2011 Source: http://whywereason.wordpress.com/2011/08/09/the-psychology-of-attraction-how-to-flirt-with-science/ v<a href="http://whywereason.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/50256_122401892594_8263887_n.jpg"><img class="lh_lazyimg" style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px; border: 0px;" title="clip_image001" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/clip_image001.jpg" border="0" alt="clip_image001" width="204" height="185" /><noscript><img style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px; border: 0px;" title="clip_image001" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/clip_image001.jpg" border="0" alt="clip_image001" width="204" height="185" /></noscript></a> A lot <a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-attraction-doctor/201105/is-your-personality-making-you-more-or-less-physically-attractive">has been written</a> on the <a href="http://www.eharmony.com/labs/2011/08/ill-have-what-shes-having-but-only-if-shes-good-looking/">science of attraction</a> <a href="http://www.eharmony.com/labs/2011/08/why-coffee-is-better-than-ice-cream-on-a-first-date/">lately</a>. So I thought I would pick a few of my favorites studies and create a brief guide. Since all of these studies identify what unconsciously influences attraction, you can check your go-to pick up lines at the door – we’re talking science here. Below are four points you should keep in mind next time you’re “on the prowl.” 1. The first is <a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=1975-03016-001">a classic</a> in the psych world. Conducted back in the 1970s, psychologists Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron wanted to see if “sexual attractions occur with an increased frequency during states of strong emotion.” To do this, they set up two experiments. In one, they placed an attractive female interviewer in the middle of a “fear-arousing suspension bridge,” and in the other, they placed an attractive female interviewer in the middle of a “non-fear-arousing suspension bridge.” The instructions were the same in each scenario. Whenever male participants walked by, they asked them to a) fill out a questionnaire and b) examine an illustration of a woman covering her face and then make up a back story explaining it. In addition, they told the men that they would be happy to discuss the study later that night if they had any questions, and gave them their numbers on a piece of paper. <a href="http://whywereason.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/unnamed-1.jpg"><img class="lh_lazyimg" style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px; border: 0px;" title="clip_image002" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/clip_image0021.jpg" border="0" alt="clip_image002" width="244" height="176" /><noscript><img style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px; border: 0px;" title="clip_image002" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/clip_image0021.jpg" border="0" alt="clip_image002" width="244" height="176" /></noscript></a> Dutton and Aron found that men interviewed on the “fear-arousing suspension bridge” called the interviewer back 50% of the time while men interviewed on the “non-fear-arousing bridge” called back 12.5% of the time. In addition, the former group were much more likely to describe the back story sexually than the later group. So if you are feeling nervous about talking to that special someone, go do something that excites your nerves first. 2. The second point comes from Yale psychologist John Bargh, who specializes in the effects of priming. Priming is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to stimulus or stimuli influences responses to later stimulus or stimuli (for example, if you took a multiple choice test that contained words that evoked “oldness” – e.g., Florida, gray, weak – you would subsequently walk slower than if you took a test that didn’t contain old words). <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948544">In an experiment</a> run a few years ago, Bargh had participants hold either warm beverages or cold beverages and indicate if they thought a confederate had a warm or cold personality. He found that the participants who held warm beverages judged the confederate to have a warm personality while the participants who held cold beverages judged the confederate to have a cold personality. So the next time you go on a date, take her/him out for <a href="http://www.eharmony.com/labs/2011/08/why-coffee-is-better-than-ice-cream-on-a-first-date/">coffee instead of ice cream.</a> (The video below describes priming well). 3. <a href="http://whywereason.wordpress.com/2011/06/29/menstruation-attraction-why-females-shouldnt-flirt-while-menstruating-and-why-bears-can-smell-the-menstruation/">I blogged</a> about the third point a few months ago, and it essentially comes down to this: men unconsciously detect menstruation and are turned off by it. Don’t think so? Let’s look at the data. In a <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01125.x/pdf">2006 study</a>, researchers from the Czech Republic found that men can recognize if females are on their period through smell. The researchers gathered odor samples from 12 women by having them place cotton pads under their armpits for 24 hours. Then, they had men smell the cotton pads and rate their intensity, and attractiveness. They found that “odor from women in the follicular (i.e. fertile) phase was rated as the least intense and the most attractive [and vice versa].” In addition, a <a href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/271/Suppl_5/S270.abstract">study done in January</a> showed that “men and women judge photographs of women’s faces that were taken in the fertile window of the menstrual cycle as more attractive than photographs taken during the luteal phase.” Put differently, women are most attractive just before ovulation. So ladies, the next time you go out, remember that guys can smell and see the menstruation. And dudes, if you think she is cool and cute but something is just a bit “off,” give it a few days. 4. The fourth point comes from psychologists <a href="http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/Group/BussLAB/pdffiles/mere%20presence.pdf">Sarah E. Hill and David M. Buss</a> at the University of Texas at Austin. Hill and Buss found that “women rated men more desirable when shown surrounded by women than when shown alone or with other men (a desirability enhancement effect). In sharp contrast, men rated women less desirable when shown surrounded by men than when shown alone or with women.” How can you use this to your advantage? If you are a woman, surround yourself with women; if you are a man, surround yourself with women. Easy enough. <a href="http://whywereason.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/ww_gi_law-of-attraction.jpg"><img class="lh_lazyimg" style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px; border: 0px;" title="clip_image003" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/clip_image0031.jpg" border="0" alt="clip_image003" width="237" height="243" /><noscript><img style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px; border: 0px;" title="clip_image003" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/clip_image0031.jpg" border="0" alt="clip_image003" width="237" height="243" /></noscript></a> On one hand, the science of attraction is simple: we are motivated to pass on our genes. Beyond this, who knows? What I have outlined here really only <a href="http://www.bakadesuyo.com/digest-things-you-didnt-know-about-sex">scratches the surface</a>. Psychology needs at least a few more decades to even begin to understand attraction. For now though, keep these four pointers in mind: 1) Do something that is emotional stimulating before flirting. If there isn’t a suspension bridge near by, do your best to find an equivalent 2) Remember that physical warmth causes people to perceive personal warmth 3) Be wary of the unconscious influences of menstruation 4) Know that the group of friends you go out with influences your desirability. As I mentioned in the introduction, these findings all describe unconscious motivations. So in this regard, there is only a certain amount of control you can have. However, you can take advantage of these motivations now that you are aware of them. <a href="http://www.researchblogging.org/"><img class="alignleft lh_lazyimg" style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px; border: 0px initial initial;" title="clip_image004" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/clip_image004.png" border="0" alt="clip_image004" width="74" height="89" /><noscript><img class="alignleft" style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px; border: 0px initial initial;" title="clip_image004" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/clip_image004.png" border="0" alt="clip_image004" width="74" height="89" /></noscript></a> Williams, L., & Bargh, J. (2008). Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth Science, 322 (5901), 606-607 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1162548">10.1126/science.1162548</a> Dutton, D., & Aron, A. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30 (4), 510-517 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0037031">10.1037/h0037031</a> Havlicek, J., Dvorakova, R., Bartos, L., & Flegr, J. (2006). Non-Advertized does not Mean Concealed: Body Odour Changes across the Human Menstrual Cycle Ethology, 112 (1), 81-90 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01125.x">10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01125.x</a> Roberts, S., Havlicek, J., Flegr, J., Hruskova, M., Little, A., Jones, B., Perrett, D., & Petrie, M. (2004). Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271 (Suppl_5) DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0174">10.1098/rsbl.2004.0174</a> Hill, S., & Buss, D. (2008). The Mere Presence of Opposite-Sex Others on Judgments of Sexual and Romantic Desirability: Opposite Effects for Men and Women Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (5), 635-647 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167207313728">10.1177/0146167207313728</a> <div style="margin-bottom:10px"><div class="bshare-custom icon-medium"><a title="分享到新浪微博" class="bshare-sinaminiblog"></a><a title="分享到人人网" class="bshare-renren"></a><a title="分享到豆瓣" class="bshare-douban" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到腾讯微博" class="bshare-qqmb" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到开心网" class="bshare-kaixin001" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到QQ空间" class="bshare-qzone" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到网易微博" class="bshare-neteasemb" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到Facebook" class="bshare-facebook" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到Twitter" class="bshare-twitter" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="分享到Google+" class="bshare-gplus" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a title="更多平台" class="bshare-more bshare-more-icon more-style-addthis"></a>7.31K</div><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="http://static.bshare.cn/b/buttonLite.js#style=-1&uuid=6602adc5-bd7a-43d1-8037-f8e449a3afc5&pophcol=2&lang=zh"></script><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="http://static.bshare.cn/b/bshareC0.js"></script></div>相关文章<div class="my-related-posts-box" style="width:100%;height:100%;clear:both;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;"> <a href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/76107" class="my-related-posts" style="width:112px;height:180px;float:left;text-align:center;border:1px solid #f5f5f5;border-bottom-style:none;border-top-style:none;padding:0px;margin:1px;text-decoration:none;" onmouseover="this.style.border='1px solid #CCC';this.style.background='#E2E2E2';this.style.borderBottom='none';this.style.borderTop='none'" onmouseout="this.style.background='';this.style.border='1px solid #f5f5f5';this.style.borderBottom='none';this.style.borderTop='none'"> <img class="my-related-posts-img lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/scilog3-4-thumb1.jpg" style="width:106px;height:106px;border:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:1px;margin:1px;" /><noscript><img class="my-related-posts-img" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/scilog3-4-thumb1.jpg" style="width:106px;height:106px;border:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:1px;margin:1px;" /></noscript> Biofuel that's better than carbon neutral </a> <a href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/75833" class="my-related-posts" style="width:112px;height:180px;float:left;text-align:center;border:1px solid #f5f5f5;border-bottom-style:none;border-top-style:none;padding:0px;margin:1px;text-decoration:none;" onmouseover="this.style.border='1px solid #CCC';this.style.background='#E2E2E2';this.style.borderBottom='none';this.style.borderTop='none'" onmouseout="this.style.background='';this.style.border='1px solid #f5f5f5';this.style.borderBottom='none';this.style.borderTop='none'"> <img class="my-related-posts-img lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/scilog3-4-thumb1.jpg" style="width:106px;height:106px;border:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:1px;margin:1px;" /><noscript><img class="my-related-posts-img" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/scilog3-4-thumb1.jpg" style="width:106px;height:106px;border:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:1px;margin:1px;" /></noscript> Why words are as painful as sticks and stones </a> <a href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/75717" class="my-related-posts" style="width:112px;height:180px;float:left;text-align:center;border:1px solid #f5f5f5;border-bottom-style:none;border-top-style:none;padding:0px;margin:1px;text-decoration:none;" onmouseover="this.style.border='1px solid #CCC';this.style.background='#E2E2E2';this.style.borderBottom='none';this.style.borderTop='none'" onmouseout="this.style.background='';this.style.border='1px solid #f5f5f5';this.style.borderBottom='none';this.style.borderTop='none'"> <img class="my-related-posts-img lh_lazyimg" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/plugins/images-lazyload-and-slideshow/blank_1x1.gif" file="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/scilog3-4-thumb1.jpg" style="width:106px;height:106px;border:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:1px;margin:1px;" /><noscript><img class="my-related-posts-img" src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/scilog3-4-thumb1.jpg" style="width:106px;height:106px;border:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:1px;margin:1px;" /></noscript> What truly exists? 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科学123

2012年12月26日星期三

The Psychology of Attraction: How To Flirt With Science

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